ÿþ<html> <head> <title> Australia Economy 2013, CIA World Factbook </title> <META NAME="Description" CONTENT="Australia Economy 2013, CIA World Factbook"> <META NAME="keywords" CONTENT="Australia, Economy, 2013, CIA, World, Factbook"> <script language="JavaScript"> function AddToFaves_hp(){ var is_4up = parseInt(navigator.appVersion); var is_mac = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("mac")!=-1; var is_ie = navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase().indexOf("msie")!=-1; var thePage = location.href; if (thePage.lastIndexOf('#')!=-1) thePage = thePage.substring(0,thePage.lastIndexOf('#')); if (is_ie && is_4up && !is_mac) window.external.AddFavorite(thePage,document.title); else if (is_ie || document.images) booker_hp = window.open(thePage,'booker_','menubar,width=325,height=100,left=140,top=60'); //booker_hp.focus(); } //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async = true; po.src = 'https://apis.google.com/js/plusone.js'; 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//728x90, created 1/28/08 google_ad_slot = "6589376789"; google_ad_width = 728; google_ad_height = 90; //--></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> </td></tr> <tr height="3" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="white" nowrap units="pixels"><td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" height="3" width="972" nowrap bgcolor="white" nowrap> <img src="http://www.theodora.com/wfb2008/images/line1.gif"></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" align="middle" background="http://www.theodora.com/wfb2008/images/light_blue.gif" width="972"> <font size="-2"> <br></font> <font face="arial" size="5"><b>Australia</b> Economy 2013</font> <br> <font size = "-2"> http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/australia/australia_economy.html </font> <br> <font size="-2"><B>SOURCE: 2013 CIA WORLD FACTBOOK AND OTHER SOURCES</B></FONT></td></tr> <tr height="3" align="left" valign="top" bgcolor="white" nowrap units="pixels"> <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top" height="3" width="972" nowrap bgcolor="white" nowrap> <img src="http://www.theodora.com/wfb2008/images/line13.gif"></td></tr></table> <table border="0" bgcolor="#FFCC99" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" width="972" align="left" valign="top" hspace="0" vspace="0" units="pixels"> <tr><td background="http://www.theodora.com/wfb2008/images/light_blue.gif" width="200" valign="top"> <font face="arial"> <br><br> <center> <script type="text/javascript"><!-- google_ad_client = "pub-7437757543052749"; 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/* WFB Medium Rectangle */ google_ad_slot = "5200087626"; google_ad_width = 300; google_ad_height = 250; //--> </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/show_ads.js"> </script> <br> Page last updated on February 14, 2013 <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#economy_overview">Economy - overview:</a></b><br> Australia's abundant and diverse natural resources attract high levels of foreign investment and include extensive reserves of coal, iron ore, copper, gold, natural gas, uranium, and renewable energy sources. A series of major investments, such as the US$40 billion Gorgon Liquid Natural Gas project, will significantly expand the resources sector. Australia also has a large services sector and is a significant exporter of natural resources, energy, and food. Key tenets of Australia's trade policy include support for open trade and the successful culmination of the Doha Round of multilateral trade negotiations, particularly for agriculture and services. The Australian economy grew for 17 consecutive years before the global financial crisis. Subsequently, the former RUDD government introduced a fiscal stimulus package worth over US$50 billion to offset the effect of the slowing world economy, while the Reserve Bank of Australia cut interest rates to historic lows. These policies - and continued demand for commodities, especially from China - helped the Australian economy rebound after just one quarter of negative growth. The economy grew by 1.4% during 2009 - the best performance in the OECD - by 2.5% in 2010, 2.1% in 2011, and 3.3% in 2012. Unemployment, originally expected to reach 8-10%, peaked at 5.7% in late 2009 and fell to 5.2% in 2012. As a result of an improved economy, the budget deficit dropped to 0.8% of GDP in 2012 and the government could return to budget surpluses before 2015. Australia was one of the first advanced economies to raise interest rates, with seven rate hikes between October 2009 and November 2010. The GILLARD government is focused on raising Australia's economic productivity to ensure the sustainability of growth, and continues to manage the symbiotic, but sometimes tense, economic relationship with China. Australia is engaged in the Trans-Pacific Partnership talks and ongoing free trade agreement negotiations with China, Japan, and Korea. <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#GDP">GDP</a> (purchasing power parity):</b><br> $960.7 billion (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 19 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$930 billion (2011 est.) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$910.5 billion (2010 est.) <br><i> <em>note:</em> </i>data are in 2012 US dollars <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/gdp_purchasing_power_parity_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>GDP country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#gdp_official_exchange_rate">GDP (official exchange rate):</a></b><br> $1.542 trillion (2012 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/gdp_official_exchange_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>GDP (official exchange rate) country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#gdp_real_growth_rate">GDP - real growth rate:</a></b><br> 3.3% (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 103 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">2.1% (2011 est.) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">2.5% (2010 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/gdp_real_growth_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>GDP - real growth rate country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#gdp_per_capita">GDP - per capita:</a></b><br> $42,400 (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 20 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$41,500 (2011 est.) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$41,000 (2010 est.) <br><i> <em>note:</em> </i>data are in 2012 US dollars <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/gdp_per_capita_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>GDP - per capita country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#gdp_composition_by_sector">GDP - composition by sector:</a></b><br> <i>agriculture: </i>4% <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/gdp_composition_by_sector_agriculture_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>GDP - composition by sector - agriculture country ranks</u></a> ] <br><i> industry: </i>26.6% <br><i> services: </i>69.4% (2012 est.) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#labor_force">Labor force:</a></b><br> 12.27 million (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 43 <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/labor_force_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Labor force country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#labor_force_by_occupation">Labor force - by occupation:</a></b><br> <i>agriculture: </i>3.6% <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/labor_force_by_occupation_agriculture_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Labor force - by occupation - agriculture country ranks</u></a> ] <br><i> industry: </i>21.1% <br><i> services: </i>75% (2009 est.) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#unemployment_rate">Unemployment rate:</a></b><br> 5.2% (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 51 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">5.1% (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/unemployment_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Unemployment rate country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#population_below_poverty_line">Population below poverty line:</a></b><br> NA% <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/population_below_poverty_line_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Population below poverty line country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share">Household income or consumption by percentage share:</a></b><br> <i>lowest 10%: </i>2% <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/household_income_or_consumption_by_percentage_share_lowest_10pct_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Household income or consumption by percentage share - lowest 10% country ranks</u></a> ] <br><i> highest 10%: </i>25.4% (1994) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#distribution_of_family_income_gini_index">Distribution of family income - Gini index:</a></b><br> 30.5 (2006) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 115 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">35.2 (1994) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/distribution_of_family_income_gini_index_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Distribution of family income - Gini index country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#investment_gross_fixed">Investment (gross fixed):</a></b><br> 28.2% of GDP (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 26 <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/investment_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Investment (gross fixed) country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#budget">Budget:</a></b><br> <i>revenues: </i>$516.3 billion <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/budget_revenues_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Budget revenues country ranks</u></a> ] <br><i> expenditures: </i>$528.3 billion (2012 est.) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#taxes_and_other_revenues">Taxes and other revenues:</a></b><br> 33.5% of GDP (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 81 <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/taxes_and_other_revenues_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Taxes and other revenues country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#budget_surplus_or_deficit">Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-):</a></b><br> -0.8% of GDP (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 53 <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/budget_surplus_or_deficit_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-) country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#public_debt">Public debt:</a></b><br> 26.9% of GDP (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 119 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">26.7% of GDP (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/public_debt_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Public debt country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#inflation_rate_consumer_prices">Inflation rate (consumer prices):</a></b><br> 2.1% (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 33 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">3.4% (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/inflation_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Inflation rate (consumer prices) country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#central_bank_discount_rate">Central bank discount rate:</a></b><br> 4.35% (31 December 2010 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 100 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">3.28% (31 December 2009 est.) <br><i> <em>note:</em> </i>this is the Reserve Bank of Australia's "cash rate target," or policy rate <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/central_bank_discount_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Central bank discount rate country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate">Commercial bank prime lending rate:</a></b><br> 7.3% (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 120 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">7.74% (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/commercial_bank_prime_lending_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Commercial bank prime lending rate country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#stock_of_narrow_money">Stock of narrow money:</a></b><br> $544 billion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 10 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$492.3 billion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/stock_of_narrow_money_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Stock of narrow money country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#stock_of_broad_money">Stock of broad money:</a></b><br> $1.708 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 12 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$1.501 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/stock_of_broad_money_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Stock of broad money country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#stock_of_domestic_credit">Stock of domestic credit:</a></b><br> $2.303 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 12 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$2.061 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/stock_of_domestic_credit_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Stock of domestic credit country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#market_value_of_publicly">Market value of publicly traded shares:</a></b><br> $1.198 trillion (31 December 2011) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 11 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$1.455 trillion (31 December 2010) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$1.258 trillion (31 December 2009) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/market_value_of_publicly_traded_shares_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Market value of publicly traded shares country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#agriculture_products">Agriculture - products:</a></b><br> wheat, barley, sugarcane, fruits; cattle, sheep, poultry <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#industries">Industries:</a></b><br> mining, industrial and transportation equipment, food processing, chemicals, steel <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#industrial_production_growth_rate">Industrial production growth rate:</a></b><br> -0.1% (2011 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 148 <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/industrial_production_growth_rate_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Industrial production growth rate country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#current_account_balance">Current account balance:</a></b><br> -$47.1 billion (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 186 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">-$29.5 billion (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/current_account_balance_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Current account balance country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#exports">Exports:</a></b><br> $263.9 billion (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 23 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$271.1 billion (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/exports_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Exports country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#exports_commodities">Exports - commodities:</a></b><br> coal, iron ore, gold, meat, wool, alumina, wheat, machinery and transport equipment <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#exports_partners">Exports - partners:</a></b><br> China 27.4%, Japan 19.2%, South Korea 8.9%, India 5.8% (2011) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#imports">Imports:</a></b><br> $258.1 billion (2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 21 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$242.2 billion (2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/imports_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Imports country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#imports_commodities">Imports - commodities:</a></b><br> machinery and transport equipment, computers and office machines, telecommunication equipment and parts; crude oil and petroleum products <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#imports_partners">Imports - partners:</a></b><br> China 18.5%, US 11.4%, Japan 7.9%, Singapore 6.2%, Germany 4.7% (2011) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold">Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:</a></b><br> $47.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 38 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$46.83 billion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/reserves_of_foreign_exchange_and_gold_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Reserves of foreign exchange and gold country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#debt_external">Debt - external:</a></b><br> $1.466 trillion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 12 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$1.367 trillion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/debt_external_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Debt - external country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#stock_direct_foreign_investment_at_home">Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:</a></b><br> $598.7 billion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 12 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$549 billion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_at_home_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Stock of direct foreign investment - at home country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#stock_direct_foreign_investment_abroad">Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:</a></b><br> $496.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) <br><span style="padding-left:7px;">country comparison to the world: 13 <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">$442.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.) <br>[see also: <a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/economy/stock_of_direct_foreign_investment_abroad_2013_0.html" target="_blank"><u>Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad country ranks</u></a> ] <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#exchange_rates">Exchange rates:</a></b><br> Australian dollars (AUD) per US dollar - <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">0.963 (2012 est.) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">0.9695 (2011 est.) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">1.0902 (2010) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">1.2822 (2009) <div class="category_data" style="padding-top: 3px;">1.2059 (2008) <p><b><a href = "http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html#fiscal_year">Fiscal year:</a></b><br> 1 July - 30 June </font> <p> <p> <BR> <P> <font size = "-2"><B> NOTE: The information regarding Australia on this page is re-published from the 2013 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Australia Economy 2013 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Australia Economy 2013 should be addressed to the CIA. </B></font> </P> <br> <hr> <a href="#" onClick="AddToFaves_hp()"><img src="http://www.theodora.com/images/bookmark_banner.gif" align="left" width="176" height="52" border="0"></a><font color=brown> - Please bookmark this page (add it to your favorites). <br> - If you wish to <b>link</b> to this page, you can do so by referring to the URL address below this line.</font> <hr> http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/australia/australia_economy.html <br><br> This page was last modified 11-Mar-13 <br> Copyright &copy 1995-2013 <a href="http://www.theodora.com/ita.html">ITA</a> all rights reserved. <br> </td> <td width=200 valign="top" align="left" background="http://www.theodora.com/wfb2008/images/light_blue.gif"> <!-- SiteSearch Google --> <br> <form action="http://www.google.com/cse" id="cse-search-box"> <div> <input type="hidden" name="cx" value="partner-pub-7437757543052749:i8v5yg-obf2" /> <input type="hidden" name="ie" value="ISO-8859-1" /> <input type="text" name="q" size="26" /> <input type="submit" name="sa" value="Search" /> </div> </form> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.google.com/cse/brand?form=cse-search-box&lang=en"></script> <!-- End SiteSearch Google --> <font size="2" face="arial"> <b> <ul> <li><a href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb">|Main INDEX|</a> <li><a href="../index.html">2013 INDEX</a> <li><a href="http://www.photius.com/rankings/index.html">Country Ranks</a> <li><a href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb/wfb2000/definitions.html">DEFINITIONS</a> <br><br> <a href="index.html">Australia Index 2013</a> <br><br> <a href="http://www.theodora.com/wfbcurrent/australia/index.html">Australia Main Index</a> <li><a href="australia_introduction.html">Introduction</a> <li><a href="http://workmall.com/wfb2001/australia/australia_history_index.html">History</a> <li><a href="australia_geography.html">Geography</a> <li>&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.theodora.com/maps">Maps</a><br> </b> &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://www.photius.com/religion">Religion</a> <b><li><a href="australia_government.html">Government</a><br></B> &nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="australia_chiefs.html"> Gov. 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