Economy - overview:
The German economy - the fifth largest economy in the world in PPP terms and Europe's largest - began to contract in the second quarter of 2008 as the strong euro, high oil prices, tighter credit markets, and slowing growth abroad took their toll on Germany's export-dependent economy. At 1.7% in 2008, GDP growth is expected to be negative in 2009. Recent stimulus and lender relief efforts will make demands on Germany's federal budget and undercut plans to balance its budget by 2011. Strong growth in 2007 led unemployment in 2008 to fall below 8%, a new post-reunification low. This suggested the reforms launched by the former government of Chancellor Gerhard SCHOEDER, deemed necessary due to chronically high unemployment and low average growth, had had the desired effect. The current government of Chancellor Angela MERKEL has initiated other reform measures, such as a gradual increase in the mandatory retirement age from 65 to 67 and measures to increase female participation in the labor market. Germany's aging population, combined with high chronic unemployment, has pushed social security outlays to a level exceeding contributions, but higher government revenues from the cyclical upturn in 2006-07 and a 3% rise in the value-added tax cut Germany's budget deficit to within the EU's 3% debt limit. The modernization and integration of the eastern German economy - where unemployment exceeds 30% in some municipalities - continues to be a costly long-term process, however, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion. While corporate restructuring and growing capital markets have set strong foundations to help Germany meet the longer-term challenges of European economic integration and globalization, Germany's export-oriented economy has proved a disadvantage in the context of weak global demand.

GDP (purchasing power parity):
$2.863 trillion (2008 est.)
$2.816 trillion (2007)
$2.806 trillion (2006)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP (official exchange rate):
$3.818 trillion (2008 est.)

GDP - real growth rate:
1.3% (2008 est.)
2.5% (2007 est.)
3% (2006 est.)

GDP - per capita:
$34,800 (2008 est.)
$34,900 (2007 est.)
$34,000 (2006 est.)
note: data are in 2008 US dollars

GDP - composition by sector:
agriculture: 0.9%
industry: 30.1%
services: 69% (2008 est.)

Labor force:
43.62 million (2008 est.)

Labor force - by occupation:
agriculture: 2.4%
industry: 29.7%
services: 67.8% (2005)

Unemployment rate:
7.9%
note: this is the International Labor Organization's estimated rate for international comparisons; Germany's Federal Employment Office estimated a seasonally adjusted rate of 10.8% (2008 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 3.2%
highest 10%: 22.1% (2000)

Distribution of family income - Gini index:
27 (2006)

Investment (gross fixed):
18.9% of GDP (2008 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $1.614 trillion
expenditures: $1.579 trillion (2008 est.)

Public debt:
62.6% of GDP (2008 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices):
2.8% (2008 est.)

Central bank discount rate:
NA

Commercial bank prime lending rate:
5.96% (31 December 2007)

Stock of money:
NA
note: see entry for the European Union for money supply in the euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 16 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money and quasi money circulating within their own borders

Stock of quasi money:
NA

Stock of domestic credit:
$5.081 trillion (31 December 2007)

Market value of publicly traded shares:
$2.106 trillion (31 December 2007)

Agriculture - products:
potatoes, wheat, barley, sugar beets, fruit, cabbages; cattle, pigs, poultry

Industries:
among the world's largest and most technologically advanced producers of iron, steel, coal, cement, chemicals, machinery, vehicles, machine tools, electronics, food and beverages, shipbuilding, textiles

Industrial production growth rate:
2.2% (2008 est.)

Electricity - production:
594.7 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - consumption:
549.1 billion kWh (2006 est.)

Electricity - exports:
62.31 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Electricity - imports:
42.87 billion kWh (2007 est.)

Oil - production:
148,100 bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - consumption:
2.456 million bbl/day (2007 est.)

Oil - exports:
563,400 bbl/day (2005)

Oil - imports:
3.026 million bbl/day (2005)

Oil - proved reserves:
367 million bbl (1 January 2008 est.)

Natural gas - production:
17.96 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - consumption:
97.44 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - exports:
12.22 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - imports:
88.35 billion cu m (2007 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves:
254.8 billion cu m (1 January 2008 est.)

Current account balance:
$267.1 billion (2008 est.)

Exports:
$1.53 trillion f.o.b. (2008 est.)

Exports - commodities:
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, metals and manufactures, foodstuffs, textiles

Exports - partners:
France 9.7%, US 7.5%, UK 7.3%, Italy 6.7%, Netherlands 6.4%, Austria 5.4%, Belgium 5.3%, Spain 5% (2007)

Imports:
$1.202 trillion f.o.b. (2008 est.)

Imports - commodities:
machinery, vehicles, chemicals, foodstuffs, textiles, metals

Imports - partners:
Netherlands 12%, France 8.6%, Belgium 7.8%, China 6.2%, Italy 5.8%, UK 5.6%, US 4.5%, Austria 4.4% (2007)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold:
$136.2 billion (31 December 2007 est.)

Debt - external:
$4.489 trillion (30 June 2007)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home:
$924.7 billion (2008 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad:
$1.36 trillion (2008 est.)