Railroads: 146,100 km total; 51,700 km electrified; does not include industrial lines (1987)

Highways: 1,609,900 km total; 1,196,000 km hard-surfaced (asphalt, concrete, stone block, asphalt treated, gravel, crushed stone); 413,900 km earth (1987)

Inland waterways: 122,500 km navigable, exclusive of Caspian Sea (1987)

Pipelines: 81,500 km crude oil and refined products; 195,000 km natural gas (1987)

Ports: Leningrad, Riga, Tallinn, Kaliningrad, Liepaja, Ventspils, Murmansk, Arkhangel'sk, Odessa, Novorossiysk, Il'ichevsk, Nikolayev, Sevastopol', Vladivostok, Nakhodka; inland ports are Astrakhan', Baku, Gor'kiy, Kazan', Khabarovsk, Krasnoyarsk, Kuybyshev, Moscow, Rostov, Volgograd, Kiev

Merchant marine: 1,670 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 16,032,649 GRT/22,123,444 DWT; includes 58 passenger, 976 cargo, 50 container, 122 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 260 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 11 liquefied gas, 17 combination ore/oil, 5 specialized liquid carrier, 9 chemical tanker, 162 bulk; 652 merchant ships based in Black Sea, 394 in Baltic Sea, 405 in Soviet Far East, and 219 in Barents Sea and White Sea

Civil air: 4,500 major transport aircraft

Airports: 6,890 total, 4,530 usable; 1,050 with permanent-surface runways; 30 with runways over 3,659 m; 490 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 660 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Telecommunications: extensive network of AM-FM stations broadcasting both Moscow and regional programs; main TV centers in Moscow and Leningrad plus 11 more in the Soviet republics; hundreds of TV stations; 85,000,000 TV sets; 162,000,000 radio receivers; many satellite ground stations and extensive satellite networks

NOTE: The information regarding Soviet Union on this page is re-published from the 1989 World Fact Book of the United States Central Intelligence Agency. No claims are made regarding the accuracy of Soviet Union Communications 1989 information contained here. All suggestions for corrections of any errors about Soviet Union Communications 1989 should be addressed to the CIA.